A mitochondrial electron carrier and neuroprotective compound with cognitive-enhancing and anti-ageing properties.
Acts as an alternative electron carrier that accepts electrons from NADH and donates them directly to cytochrome c, bypassing damaged Complex I and III in the mitochondrial ETC. This maintains ATP production under oxidative stress conditions. At low doses, also activates cytochrome c oxidase and increases nitric oxide synthase activity in neurons.
Methylene Blue has the longest documented pharmacological history of almost any compound â it was the first synthetic drug used in medicine (1891, for malaria). Its mitochondrial effects at low doses ('hormetic' range below 1ΞM) are distinct from higher-dose effects.
Clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (LMTM / TRx0237) showed mixed results, but preclinical evidence for cognitive enhancement and mitochondrial support at low doses remains robust. Its dose-dependent effects require careful attention in research protocols.